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Saturday, December 30, 2017
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Friday, December 22, 2017
The Classical Orders
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nrRJkzXl4a4
The Doric order is the earliest of the three Classical orders of architecture and represents an important moment in Mediterranean architecture when monumental construction made the transition from impermanent materials—like wood—to permanent materials, namely stone. The Doric order is characterized by a plain, unadorned column capital and a column that rests directly on the stylobate of the temple without a base. The Doric entablature includes a frieze composed of trigylphs—vertical plaques with three divisions—and metopes—square spaces for either painted or sculpted decoration. The columns are fluted and are of sturdy, if not stocky, proportions.
As its names suggests, the Ionic order originated in Ionia, a coastal region of central Anatolia—today Turkey—where a number of ancient Greek settlements were located. Volutes, scroll-like ornaments, characterize the Ionic capital, and a base supports the column, unlike the Doric order. The Ionic order developed in Ionia during the mid-sixth century BCE and had been transmitted to mainland Greece by the fifth century BCE. Among the earliest examples of the Ionic capital is the inscribed votive column from Naxos, dating to the end of the seventh century BCE.
The Ionic order is notable for its graceful proportions, which produce a more slender and elegant profile than the Doric order. The ancient Roman architect Vitruvius compared the Doric module to a sturdy, male body, while the Ionic was possessed of more graceful, feminine proportions. The Ionic order incorporates a running frieze of continuous sculptural relief, as opposed to the Doric frieze composed of triglyphs and metopes.
The defining element of the Corinthian order is its elaborate, carved capital, which incorporates even more vegetal elements than the Ionic order does. The stylized, carved leaves of an acanthus plant grow around the capital, generally terminating just below the abacus. The Romans favored the Corinthian order, perhaps due to its slender properties. The order is employed in numerous notable Roman architectural monuments, including the Temple of Mars Ultor, the Pantheon in Rome, and the Maison Carrée in Nîmes.
Greek architectural orders
An architectural order describes a style of building. In Classical architecture, each order is readily identifiable by means of its proportions and profiles as well as by various aesthetic details. The style of column employed serves as a useful index of the style itself, so identifying the order of the column will then, in turn, situate the order employed in the structure as a whole. The classical orders—described by the labels Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian—do not merely serve as descriptors for the remains of ancient buildings but as an index to the architectural and aesthetic development of Greek architecture itself.
The Doric order
Doric order
Iktinos and Kallikrates, The Parthenon, Athens, 447 – 432 B.C.E.
The Doric order emerged on the Greek mainland during the course of the late seventh century BCE and remained the predominant order for Greek temple construction through the early fifth century BCE, although notable buildings built later in the the Classical period—especially the canonical Parthenon in Athens—still employed it. By 575 BCE, the order may be properly identified, with some of the earliest surviving elements being the metope plaques from the Temple of Apollo at Thermon. Other early, but fragmentary, examples include the sanctuary of Hera at Argos, votive capitals from the island of Aegina, as well as early Doric capitals that were a part of the Temple of Athena Pronaia at Delphi in central Greece. The Doric order finds perhaps its fullest expression in the Parthenon, c. 447-432 BCE., at Athens designed by Iktinos and Kallikrates.
The Ionic order
North Porch of the Erechtheion, 421-407 B.C.E., marble, Acropolis, Athens
Ionic order
The monumental temple dedicated to Hera on the island of Samos, built by the architect Rhoikos
c. 570-560 BCE, was the first of the great Ionic buildings, although it was destroyed by earthquake in short order. The sixth century BCE Temple of Artemis at Ephesus, a wonder of the ancient world, was also an Ionic design. In Athens, the Ionic order influenced some elements of the Parthenon, 447-432 BCE, notably the Ionic frieze that encircles the cella of the temple. Ionic columns are also employed in the interior of the monumental gateway to the Acropolis, known as the Propylaia, c. 437-432 BCE. The Ionic was promoted to an exterior order in the construction of the Erechtheion, c. 421-405 BCE, on the Athenian Acropolis, image below.
c. 570-560 BCE, was the first of the great Ionic buildings, although it was destroyed by earthquake in short order. The sixth century BCE Temple of Artemis at Ephesus, a wonder of the ancient world, was also an Ionic design. In Athens, the Ionic order influenced some elements of the Parthenon, 447-432 BCE, notably the Ionic frieze that encircles the cella of the temple. Ionic columns are also employed in the interior of the monumental gateway to the Acropolis, known as the Propylaia, c. 437-432 BCE. The Ionic was promoted to an exterior order in the construction of the Erechtheion, c. 421-405 BCE, on the Athenian Acropolis, image below.
North porch of the Erechtheion, 421-407 B.C.E., marble, Acropolis, Athens
The Greek orders
The Corinthian order
Corinthian capital
The Corinthian order is both the latest and the most elaborate of the Classical orders of architecture. This order was employed in both Greek and Roman architecture with minor variations and gave rise, in turn, to the Composite order. As the name suggests, the origins of the order were connected in antiquity with the Greek city-state of Corinth, where, according to the architectural writer Vitruvius, the sculptor Callimachus drew a set of acanthus leaves surrounding a votive basket (Vitr. 4.1.9-10). In archaeological terms, the earliest known Corinthian capital comes from the Temple of Apollo Epicurius at Bassae and dates to c. 427 BCE.
Acanthus leaf
Legacy of the Greek architectural canon
The canonical Greek architectural orders have exerted influence on architects and their imaginations for thousands of years. While Greek architecture played a key role in inspiring the Romans, its legacy also stretches far beyond antiquity. When James “Athenian” Stuart and Nicholas Revett visited Greece during the period from 1748 to 1755 and subsequently published The Antiquities of Athens and Other Monuments of Greece, 1762, in London, the Neoclassical revolution was underway.
Captivated by Stuart and Revett’s measured drawings and engravings, Europe suddenly demanded Greek forms. Architects like Robert Adam drove the Neoclassical movement, creating buildings such as Kedleston Hall, an English country house in Kedleston, Derbyshire. Neoclassicism even jumped the Atlantic Ocean to North America, spreading the rich heritage of Classical architecture even further—and making the Greek architectural orders not only extremely influential, but eternal.
Text by Dr. Jeffrey A. Becker
MUSEUM VISIT
A visit to an art museum and a one-page report of that visit are part of class requirements. You will be responsible for creating a video of your experience, more details to come later. The report must discuss
artworks, including the style and periods in which the artworks were created. The written report should be 1 page.
The Video should include the following:
- Chosen Artworks
- Name and location of the museum
- Name of exhibition
- Names of artists
- Title of works
- Dimensions of work
- Media
- Date or period created
- Art movements
- Place of origin
- Manner of displays
- Your personal opinions
- Content or subject matter
LIST OF SOME TEXAS ART MUSEUMS NEAR US:
Dallas Museum of Art
4.5 (214) · $$ · Art Museum
Art collection spanning 5,000 years
1717 N Harwood St · (214) 922-1200
Open until 5:00 PM
The Blanton Museum of Art
4.3 (389) · Art Museum
Art collection of University of Texas
200 E Martin Luther King Jr Blvd · (512) 471-5482
Open until 5:00 PM
Kimbell Art Museum
4.6 (89) · Art Museum
Renowned art collection & building
3333 Camp Bowie Blvd · (817) 332-8451
Open until 5:00 PM
Art Museums in Texas
Museums with fine art collections and an online presence
Abilene • Grace Museum Albany • The Old Jail Art Center Amarillo • Amarillo Museum of Art Arlington • Arlington Museum of Art Austin • Austin Museum of Art • Blanton Museum of Art at the University of Texas • Mexic-Arte Museum • Ransom Humanities Research Center at the University of Texas Beaumont • Art Museum of Southeast Texas Beeville • Beeville Art Museum Canyon • Panhandle Plains Historical Museum College Station • Cushing Memorial Library at Texas A&M University Corpus Christi • South Texas Institute for the Arts Dallas • Dallas Museum of Art • Crow Collection of Asian Art • Meadows Museum at Southern Methodist University • Nasher Sculpture Center • The McKinney Avenue Contemporary (MAC) Denton • University of North Texas Art Galleries El Paso • El Paso Museum of Art Fort Worth • Kimbell Art Museum • Amon Carter Museum • Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth • Sid Richardson Collection of Western Art Frisco • Texas Sculpture Garden Houston • Museum of Fine Arts • Blaffer Gallery at the University of Houston • Contemporary Arts Museum Houston • Menil Collection • Rice University Art Gallery • The Art Car Museum Kerrville • Museum of Western Art Longview • Longview Museum of Fine Arts Lubbock • Museum of Texas Tech University Marfa • Chinati Foundation Midland • Museum of the Southwest Odessa • Ellen Noel Art Museum Orange • Stark Museum of Art San Angelo • San Angelo Museum of Fine Arts San Antonio • McNay Art Museum • San Antonio Art League Museum • San Antonio Museum of Art Tyler • Tyler Museum of Art Waco • Art Center Waco • Martin Museum of Art at Baylor University
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